Back pain has been documented in nearly every culture. Ancient Egyptian medical papyri describe spinal manipulation techniques, while Greek physicians like Hippocrates wrote extensively about postural correction and manual therapy for spinal discomfort. In medieval times, bone setters practiced traction and alignment methods, some of which resemble modern chiropractic approaches. The industrial era brought a surge of back injuries linked to heavy labor and poor ergonomics. By the 20th century, back pain became one of the most studied medical complaints, giving rise to orthopedic surgery, physical therapy, and chiropractic. Today, non-surgical management is emphasized for most cases, with chiropractic adjustments, massage, and lifestyle modification forming the first line of care. Global health bodies recognize back pain as a leading cause of disability, underscoring the need for safe, sustainable approaches.